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scientific visualization
Scientific visualization (also spelled scientific visualisation) is an interdisciplinary branch of science. According to Friendly (2008), it is "primarily concerned with the visualization of three-dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component".〔Michael Friendly (2008). ("Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization" ).〕 It is also considered a branch of computer science that is a subset of computer graphics. The purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientific data to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data.
==History==
One of the earliest examples of three-dimensional scientific visualisation was Maxwell's thermodynamic surface, sculpted in clay in 1874 by James Clerk Maxwell.〔James Clerk Maxwell and P. M. Harman (2002), ''(The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Volume 3; 1874–1879 )'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-25627-5, p. 148.〕 This prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques that use computer graphics.
Notable early two-dimensional examples include the flow map of Napoleon’s March on Moscow produced by Charles Joseph Minard in 1869;〔 the “coxcombs” used by Florence Nightingale in 1857 as part of a campaign to improve sanitary conditions in the British army;〔 and the dot map used by John Snow in 1855 to visualise the Broad Street cholera outbreak.〔
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